Tag Archives: financial modeling

Real estate financial modeling has progressed well beyond static spreadsheets and pro formas. In today’s higher capital cost environment, with tenant behavior constantly shifting and geopolitical challenges, modeling is not just about valuation; it is about making real-time decisions using a dynamic decision-making tool. Whether underwriting an acquisition, structuring a syndication, or forecasting ESG-linked outcomes, institutional investors and asset managers are now demanding models that are dynamic, data-integrated, and regionally nuanced. This article explores the advanced types, trends, and transformational drivers shaping real estate financial modeling in 2025 and beyond.

Types of Real Estate Financial Modeling

As real estate investments become more expensive and challenging, real estate financial modeling has developed into a discipline with numerous model types based on the strategy and assets life cycle stages.

Acquisition Model

The acquisition model assesses whether to buy a property by forecasting expected rental income, expected expenses, expected financing costs, and expected capital demands. It produces a set of return metrics, including IRR, debt service coverage ratios (DSCR), and equity multiples, and may include a sensitivity analysis exercise to test the various sensitivity variables such as exit cap rate or vacancy. Acquisition models are often used at the beginning of the underwriting process; now the goal is to establish whether the asset meets the investor’s return requirements.

Development Model

The development model simulates ground-up construction or a major redevelopment project. It incorporates land costs, staged construction projects, lease-up periods, and the phased drawdown of debt. The duration of these models is usually many years, and they test the IRR as well as yield-on-cost. Timeline-based logic is dependent on timelines to capture various risks related to delays, cost overruns, etc. Development models are often mandated by sponsors when they seek a capital or construction loan.

Rent Roll and Lease Model

This real estate financial modeling type details projected income by tenant, lease term, and rent escalation. It’s crucial for office, retail, and industrial assets with multiple leases. It also incorporates assumptions for renewals, downtime, and re-leasing costs. Highly granular, it feeds into larger acquisition or operating models. The structure helps assess tenant risk and income stability.

Operating Model (Stabilized Assets)

Used for income-producing properties, this model tracks actual revenues, expenses, and capital expenditures. It focuses on cash flow, NOI, and distributions. Asset managers use it for budgeting, performance benchmarking, and refinancing decisions. Often, it’s linked with BI dashboards for real-time insights. It’s vital for optimizing ongoing operations and reporting.

REIT or Portfolio-Level Model

This model consolidates multiple assets across property types and geographies. It includes fund-level income, cash flows, leverage, and investor returns. Metrics like NAV, FFO, and AFFO are core outputs. The model also allows sensitivity testing across economic variables. It supports institutional decision-making and dividend forecasting.

Syndication or Waterfall Model

Syndication models describe how profits are split among equity partners. They model cash flows based on ranges of scenarios under waterfall logic. Tiers include preferred returns, catch-up, and sponsor promotion. Syndication models provide transparency and alignment in joint ventures. They are the financial model used in private equity & fundraising presentations.

Mortgage or Debt Model

Debt models, in this case, refer to any analysis of financing structure, including interest rates, amortization, and prepayment terms. Debt models assess LTV, DSCR, and refinancing risk. Flows are usually modeled nested within an acquisition or development model and will detail cash flow under varying debt scenarios. Lenders use them to price risk; borrowers use them to optimize structure. Crucial in high-rate environments.

Key Drivers Reshaping Real Estate Modeling

The real estate industry and real estate financial modeling are undergoing fundamental changes. With an estimated USD 4.13 trillion in 2024 and projected growth to USD 5.85 trillion by 2030, the global sector is shifting and redefining how financial models are developed and utilized. With the industry growing at an estimated CAGR of 6.2% investors and asset managers need to operate and build models in a more data-driven, regionally sophisticated, and operationally complex environment. Below are six of the most important trends restructuring real estate financial modeling today:

Key Drivers Reshaping Real Estate Modeling

Key Drivers Reshaping Real Estate Modeling

Rising Cost of Capital

Higher interest rates and lower credit availability are driving upwards the costs of capital. Models must explicitly include thoughtful debt structuring logic, triggers for refinancing, and coverage ratios that include stress testing, especially for development and value-add strategies.

Operational Complexity

Asset classes best exemplified by build-to-rent, logistics, and life sciences require thinking about new revenues and new operating expenses. Models must embrace forecasting lease churn, operating margins, and tenant-level performance for projects instead of relying on a static rent roll.

ESG Integration

Environmental sustainability is now tied to both valuation premiums and financing terms. Modern models account for green capex, projected energy savings, and compliance costs tied to global ESG regulations, especially relevant in European and urban Asian markets.

Shift from Market-Driven to Value-Creation Returns

As cap rate compression is slowing, investors are available for NOI growth, which can often only be achieved through operational improvements. Our models must incorporate value-creation growth strategies such as lease restructuring, repositioning, and controlling costs, rather than just market appreciation.

Cross-Border and Tax Complexity

Real estate capital is crossing borders, especially to high-growth countries like Asia Pacific, which had 52.8% of the global market share in 2024, and much of it is heading to countries like China, India, Vietnam, and the Philippines. These considerations require models that can account for:
• Currency Risk
• Country-Specific Tax Logic
• Transfer Pricing and Repatriation Constraints
For example, China alone had a little over 65% of the regional market share, while Southeast Asia has been growing on the back of tourism and foreign direct investment.

Data-Driven and Real-Time Decision-Making

Stakeholders now expect real estate financial modeling to dynamically incorporate market data, including changing construction costs, cap rates, and rent comparables, in real-time. Combining these elements into Business Intelligence (BI) dashboards allows for ongoing monitoring, sensitivity analysis, and much faster decision-making, which is increasingly expected.
>Markets in Australia, Singapore, and Korea are in a position to see investment volumes increase by 5–10% over the next year, based on macro stability and value-add. real estate financial modelling must reflect that momentum by incorporating appropriate regional risk-return-based assumptions and changing investor preferences.

Real Estate Financial Modeling: Trends and Insights

The 2024 landscape reveals dynamic investment shifts that demand localized and responsive real estate financial modeling. Cities like Madrid (+1), Houston (+11), and Warsaw (+12) have seen dramatic uplifts in investor sentiment, indicating a shift in capital flows toward secondary and emerging markets.

Real Estate Financial Modeling: Trends and Insights

Real Estate Financial Modeling: Trends and Insights

Investment location also differs regionally – Dallas, London, and Tokyo are top investment cities for the US, Europe, and Asia-Pacific communities, respectively, but with unique tax implications, rent growth potentials, and financing landscapes. These differences will necessitate regionally specific input assumptions in acquisition and portfolio models.

Transaction Volume Resurgence

Global real estate transaction volumes were $1.17 trillion in 2024, recovering in notable volume at:
• United States: $250.4B (+14%)
• South Korea: $32.9B (+48%)
• Australia: $28.7B (+24%)
This level of activity shows the need for models to consider exchange rate fluctuations, regional spread variances on cap rates, and local debt cost (for example, when doing portfolio or REIT-level analysis on a cross-border basis).

Capital Allocation by Property Type

Capital allocation focus is changing based on asset class:

• Apartments led the growth at $194.5B (+20%)
• Industrial was close behind at $190.7B (+16%)
• Office and Retail were flat or slightly negative</p>

Financial models will need to accommodate asset-specific assumptions (including items like office lease rollover risk, or operating margin sensitivity with logistics), further emphasizing the use of flexible, modular model templates.</p>

Magistral’s Services for Real Estate Financial Modeling

Magistral offers the following solutions for each stage of the real estate financial modeling process:

Acquisition and Underwriting Models

Custom models that enable the analysis of the purchase of an asset, taking into account cash flow, IRR, DSCR, sensitivities, etc.</p>

Development Feasibility Modelling

Real estate financial modeling, we offer full life-cycle models that analyze the development process through construction Timing, budgeting of costs, identifying financial sources, lease-up schedule, and exit strategy.</p>

Rent Roll and Lease Abstraction

Tenant-level modeling to input detail around escalations, rollover risk, and re-leasing assumptions, suited for office, retail, and mixed-use assets.

Value-Add and Repositioning Models

Capex-focused modeling to assess the impact on NOl, yield-on-cost, and total valuation uplift from value adds, across multifamily, hospitality, and industrial asset types.</p>

Waterfall and Syndication Structures

Modeling investor distributions, including promoted tiers, preferred returns, and IRR-based waterfalls for equity syndications and joint ventures.

REITs and Portfolio Consolidation Models

Multi-asset frameworks for tracking full fund performance against NAV, FFO/AFFO, and capital allocations by geography and use.

Debt Modelling and Refinancing Analysis

Structures and comparisons of mortgage options, including consideration of amortization, prepayment penalties, and refinancing perspectives.

ESG and Energy Modelling

Incorporation of ESG metrics and the financial consideration of green building into forecasts for evaluating sustainability and financing impacts long term in real estate financial modeling.</p>

 

About Magistral Consulting

Magistral Consulting has helped multiple funds and companies in outsourcing operations activities. It has service offerings for Private Equity, Venture Capital, Family Offices, Investment Banks, Asset Managers, Hedge Funds, Financial Consultants, Real Estate, REITs, RE funds, Corporates, and Portfolio companies. Its functional expertise is around Deal origination, Deal Execution, Due Diligence, Financial Modelling, Portfolio Management, and Equity Research

For setting up an appointment with a Magistral representative visit www.magistralconsulting.com/contact

 

About the Author

Nitin is a Partner and Co-Founder at Magistral Consulting. He is a Stanford Seed MBA (Marketing) and electronics engineer with 19 + years at S&P Global and Evalueserve, leading research, analytics, and inside‑sales teams. An investment‑ and financial‑research specialist, he has delivered due‑diligence, fund‑administration, and market‑entry projects for clients worldwide. He now shapes Magistral Consulting’s strategic direction, oversees global operations, and drives business‑development support.

FAQs

What is real estate financial modeling used for?

It’s used to evaluate the viability, risks, and returns of real estate investments, including acquisitions, developments, refinancings, and portfolio strategies. Models project income, expenses, capital needs, and returns like IRR and cash-on-cash.

What are the most common types of real estate financial models?

Core model types include Acquisition, Development, Rent Roll, Operating, REIT/Portfolio, Debt, Value-Add, and Syndication/Waterfall models—each tailored to a specific investment scenario or asset lifecycle stage.

How has financial modeling evolved in 2025?

It has become more dynamic and data-integrated, reflecting higher interest rates, ESG mandates, and regional complexity. Today’s models are used not only for valuation but also for strategic decision-making in real-time.

Why is ESG important in real estate modeling now?

ESG influences financing terms, valuation premiums, and investor interest. Models now incorporate green capex, energy savings, and carbon performance to meet regulatory and investor expectations.

 

With the growing trends, organizations look forward to improving efficiency, decreasing costs, and optimizing strengths. A good approach is the financial modeling outsourcing tasks to third-party service providers. This approach gives the companies an opportunity to leverage the services of experts who can analyze and interpret data for them with limited capital investment.

Financial Modeling Outsourcing: A Master Weapon

Financial Modeling Outsourcing: A Master Weapon

 

Financial Modeling is essential in the formulation of strategies, investment decisions, and assessing the performance of an organization which is costly and time-consuming and depends on the expertise and resources available. Thus, the application of outsourcing allows obtaining high-quality models and professional services, while the models and other service-providing personnel adhere to modern methodologies and requirements.

 

Types of Financial Models

Financial modeling is one of the crucial parts of research for valuing and analyzing the business. Outsourcing helps the internal team of buy-side and sell-side firms to build and update the financial models that will save their time, effort, and cost. Different financial models serve various purposes, but the following types are especially popular in financial modeling outsourcing:

Discounted Cashflow Model (DCF)

Professionals commonly use the DCF model to value businesses, particularly in real estate or industries where they can reliably predict future cash flows. Its versatility makes it a preferred choice for a wide range of valuation scenarios. The major requirements to build a DCF model are:

Unlevered free cash flow

Also known as free cash flows to the firm, brings consistency in the model’s result as it does not depend on the capital structure of the company. Different companies require different modifications while calculating these cash flows, in some cases working capital is not a major value driver but for some, this can be a critical factor.

Discounting rate

After the projection a percentage is required to discount these flows to bring the present worth of the cash flows. The percentage represents the weighted average cost of capital which will carry the weightage of all capital sources like equity, debt, and more.

Terminal value

The value is an outcome of the first cash flow of the company and its cash flow growth rate and discount rate in the terminal period.

Leverage Buyout (LBO) Model

These models are among the most complex financial structures used to evaluate potential LBO deals. They extensively analyze various financial components, especially:

Acquisition Structure

This section analyzes key elements such as the amount of debt raised, the acquisition’s purchase price, and the equity contribution from the investor group or acquiring company.

Key Financial Metrics

Apart from IRR the financial model outsourcing also reveals and studies various other financial metrics such as debt service coverage ratio and cash-on-cash multiple to determine the viability of the transaction for the acquisition.

Sensitivity Analysis

To identify and analyze the potential risks associated with the investment.

Exit Strategy

Different strategies like initial public offering or sale out to another buyer and more are considered in the model.

Consolidation Model

The combination of the parent company’s financial statements with its subsidiary companies gives a 360-degree view of the financial soundness of the business. Two major parts of the process are:

Eliminating intercompany transactions

Based on double-entry logic the process of consolidation eliminates the possible risk of one-sided entries. Intercompany debt, Intercompany revenue and expenses, and Intercompany stock ownership are three intercompany eliminations that are used to reverse the entry to zero effect.

Consolidating financial statements

By integrating and combining all the financial statements of parent and subsidiaries to draft a set of standardized financial statements.

Option Pricing Model

The mathematical structure of this model reveals the theoretical price of the options. Financial teams majorly use this model to value the employee stock options and to manage risk related to currency fluctuations, prices of the commodities, and interest rates. There are three main types of option pricing models:

The Black-Scholes model

The model is used for European options by assuming volatility and risk-free rate constant.

Monte Carlo Simulation

The model is based on random sampling and is used for pricing options that are exotic or complex in nature.

The Binomial model

This model uses a tree-like structure to evaluate and analyze the options.

 

Market Growth and Trends in Financial Modeling Outsourcing

Organizations of all sizes increasingly outsource financial modeling because it effectively presents budget forecasts, identifies funding needs, and supports strategic planning.

Market Growth of Financial Modeling Outsourcing

Market Growth of Financial Modeling Outsourcing

Technological Integration

The adoption of AI, ML, and big data analytics is enhancing accuracy and efficiency in financial models. According to the statistics, about 80% of financial organizations are using or planning to use RPA for the automation of routine work in financial fields so that finance specialists can concentrate on value-added work.

Client Satisfaction

According to a 2024 Financial Recovery Technologies survey, 96% of clients are satisfied with outsourced financial modeling services. This satisfaction has led to more business with firms renewing or increasing their contracts.

Market Growth

It is forecasted that the financial modeling outsourcing market will touch $512.4 billion, at the global level by 2030. The IT outsourcing segment is concerned to increase from $460.1 billion in 2023 to $777.7 billion by 2028. The factors that will continue to ‘fuel’ this type of sector include the demand for cheap services and the development of technology.

Widespread Adoption

Various industries such as financial services, healthcare, technology, and real estate are now outsourcing the financial modeling task to capitalize on the expertise and technical tools.

Geographical Diversification

India, Philippines and Eastern Europe outsourcing destinations offer qualified workforce at cheaper rates, which makes this area ideal for financial modeling outsourcing.

 

Magistral’s Services on Financial Modeling Outsourcing

 Magistral Consulting is the top Outsourcing Financial Modeling Company that specializes in providing different services for different clients.

Unparalleled Expertise

Magistral’s competent workforce has adequate knowledge of the current standards, regulations, and trends in financial modeling.

Tailored Solutions

Magistral expert analysts develop the revenue forecast, cost structures, investment and profitability appraisals, and sensitivity analysis based on the client’s strategic objectives.

Cost-Effectiveness and Scalability

It is important to note that organizations that outsource their financial modeling from Magistral recoup much more than if they were to employ and maintain a team of financial modelers, and all this with scalable solutions.

Confidentiality and Data Security

Magistral protects client data by strictly following data protection rules and maintaining confidentiality at every stage.

Quality Control and Assurance

Magistral ensures high quality through rigorous validation checks and alignment with market trends to deliver realistic and credible financial models.

Magistral Consulting offers a cost-efficient yet highly elaborated outsourcing option for financial modeling. We engage our clients in the development of solutions, guarantee data protection and adhere to the highest quality standards. Therefore, our approach gives strategic advantage to business organizations that we deal with.

 

About Magistral Consulting

Magistral Consulting has helped multiple funds and companies in outsourcing operations activities. It has service offerings for Private Equity, Venture Capital, Family Offices, Investment Banks, Asset Managers, Hedge Funds, Financial Consultants, Real Estate, REITs, RE funds, Corporates, and Portfolio companies. Its functional expertise is around Deal origination, Deal Execution, Due Diligence, Financial Modelling, Portfolio Management, and Equity Research

For setting up an appointment with a Magistral representative visit www.magistralconsulting.com/contact

About the Author

The article is authored by the Marketing Department of Magistral Consulting. For any business inquiries, you can reach out to prabhash.choudhary@magistralconsulting.com

Magistral holds talents with years of experience in the field of finance. Our seasoned professionals apply their deep industry knowledge to provide clients with tailored, cutting-edge solutions designed to meet their unique needs.

With its specialized workforce Magistral provides expert insights and a high-quality support without any additional overhead cost of hiring and training internal staff.

Magistral follows standardized methodologies to make the financial model clean and consistent based on logical assumptions and validation techniques.

Introduction

Financial Modeling Outsourcing refers to the practice of enlisting external service providers or specialized firms to handle the creation and maintenance of financial models. This involves assigning the tasks of designing, building and updating these models to professionals who possess the necessary expertise and resources.

Financial modeling plays a crucial role in the realms of business and finance, as it entails constructing mathematical representations of real-world financial situations. These models predict and evaluate various aspects of a company’s financial performance, such as revenue forecasts, cost analyses, investment valuations, cash flow projections, and scenario assessments. By providing insights into potential outcomes and associated risks, financial models facilitate decision-making processes.

Advantages of Financial Modeling Outsourcing

Financial modeling outsourcing offers several key advantages that organizations can leverage to enhance their financial planning and decision-making processes. Some common benefits include:

Advantages of Financial Modeling Outsourcing

Advantages of Financial Modeling Outsourcing

Cost savings and scalability:

Financial modeling outsourcing presents a significant cost-saving opportunity compared to maintaining an in-house team. By outsourcing to external providers, organizations can avoid expenses related to hiring and training specialized staff, investing in technology infrastructure, and ongoing maintenance. This flexible approach allows businesses to scale their demand-based modeling needs, ensuring cost efficiency and resource optimization.

Access to specialized expertise:

Outsourcing financial modeling tasks grants organizations access to professionals who possess specialized knowledge and expertise in the field. These experts have a deep understanding of best practices, industry standards, and regulatory requirements. By partnering with these skilled professionals, organizations can ensure the accuracy, reliability, and compliance of their financial models, benefiting from their extensive experience and insights.

Enhanced efficiency and productivity:

Delegating financial modeling tasks to external experts allows internal teams to focus on core competencies and strategic initiatives. By entrusting time-consuming and specialized tasks to external providers, organizations can streamline their operations, improve overall productivity, and allocate resources more effectively. This enables internal teams to concentrate on high-value activities such as data analysis, decision-making, and strategy formulation, ultimately driving organizational growth.

Improved accuracy and reliability:

External companies that offer financial modelling carry out strict quality checks. They use advanced modelling approaches, follow industry best practices, and do thorough validations. Organizations may make sure that their financial models are accurate and reliable by utilizing their knowledge and experience. As a result, financial estimates and analyses become more accurate and reliable, facilitating the making of well-informed decisions.

Risk Mitigation:

Financial modeling outsourcing helps organizations mitigate risks by leveraging external expertise. External providers have extensive experience across various industries and markets, enabling them to offer valuable insights and identify potential risks or limitations in financial models. They can also provide independent validation and verification of models, reducing the chance of errors or biases. By tapping into their knowledge, organizations can make more informed decisions and reduce exposure to financial risks.

In essence, financial modeling outsourcing offers numerous advantages, including cost savings, access to specialized expertise, enhanced efficiency and productivity, improved accuracy and reliability, and risk mitigation. By leveraging these benefits, organizations can optimize their financial planning and decision-making processes, gain a competitive edge, and achieve better financial performance.

Challenges of Financial Modeling Outsourcing

While financial modeling outsourcing offers numerous benefits, it is crucial for organizations to be aware of the challenges and risks associated with this practice. By understanding these potential pitfalls, businesses can take proactive measures to address them effectively. Here are some of the significant challenges and risks in financial modeling outsourcing:

Data security and confidentiality concerns:

Organizations must divulge sensitive financial data to outside sources when outsourcing financial modelling tasks. To guard against unauthorized access, security breaches, and abuse of sensitive data, it is crucial to make sure that effective data security measures are in place. Throughout the outsourcing process, it is crucial to protect intellectual property and uphold confidentiality agreements.

Communication and coordination challenges:

Effective communication plays a vital role in successful financial modeling outsourcing. Geographical and cultural differences, language barriers, and time zone disparities can hinder seamless collaboration between organizations and external providers. It is crucial to establish clear channels of communication, define expectations, and maintain regular updates to ensure effective coordination throughout the outsourcing engagement.

Quality control and standardization:

Maintaining consistency and quality across outsourced financial models can be challenging. Organizations should establish robust processes and standards to ensure that the models meet their specific requirements and adhere to industry best practices. Regular monitoring and quality control checks should be implemented to maintain the desired level of accuracy and reliability.

Dependency on external providers:

Outsourcing financial modeling tasks means relying on external providers to deliver accurate and timely results. Organizations must carefully select reputable and reliable providers with a proven track record. Building strong relationships, maintaining open lines of communication, and conducting periodic performance evaluations are essential. Ensuring that the outsourcing partner consistently meets expectations.

Regulatory and compliance considerations:

Financial models must adhere to rules and laws particular to their business. To avoid any compliance difficulties, organizations need to make sure that external providers are knowledgeable of these rules. During the outsourcing process, regulatory compliance with regulations like the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) or International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) should be thoroughly assessed and addressed.

By proactively addressing these challenges and risks, organizations can mitigate potential pitfalls associated with financial modeling outsourcing. Implementing robust data security measures, fostering effective communication, establishing quality control processes, selecting reliable providers, and ensuring regulatory compliance are key steps toward successful outsourcing engagements.

Magistral’s Services on Financial Modeling Outsourcing

Magistral Consulting is recognized as a leading provider of specialized financial modeling outsourcing services and solutions. With a proven track record of delivering outstanding results, we offer a comprehensive range of services tailored to meet the diverse needs of organizations across industries.

Magistral's Services on Financial Modeling Outsourcing

Magistral’s Services on Financial Modeling Outsourcing

Unparalleled Expertise and Specialization:

We take pride in our team of highly skilled professionals who possess extensive expertise in financial modeling. Our experts are well-versed in industry best practices, regulatory requirements, and the latest advancements in financial modeling techniques.

Tailored and Customized Solutions:

Whether it involves developing financial models for revenue forecasting, cost analysis, investment valuation, or scenario analysis, we work closely with clients to thoroughly understand their needs and deliver solutions that align with their strategic goals.

Cost-Effectiveness and Scalability:

Recognizing the importance of cost savings and scalability in today’s competitive business environment, we offer a cost-effective outsourcing solution. By entrusting financial modeling tasks to us, organizations can significantly reduce costs compared to maintaining an in-house team.

Confidentiality and Data Security:

Safeguarding the confidentiality and security of our clients’ data is of utmost importance to Magistral Consulting. We adhere to strict data protection protocols to ensure that sensitive financial information remains secure throughout the outsourcing process.

Quality Control and Assurance:

At Magistral Consulting, delivering accurate and reliable financial models is our top priority. We have established rigorous quality control processes to maintain consistency and adhere to industry best practices. Our team conducts thorough validations and employs advanced modeling techniques to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the models we create.

As a trusted partner in financial modeling outsourcing, Magistral Consulting empowers organizations to optimize their financial planning and decision-making processes. Our specialized expertise, customized approach, cost-effective solutions, focus on confidentiality and data security. Rigorous quality control processes, and collaborative approach enable businesses to gain a competitive edge and unlock the full potential of financial modeling in driving their success.

About Magistral Consulting

Magistral Consulting has helped multiple funds and companies in outsourcing operations activities. It has service offerings for Private Equity, Venture Capital, Family Offices, Investment Banks, Asset Managers, Hedge Funds, Financial Consultants, Real Estate, REITs, RE funds, Corporates, and Portfolio companies. Its functional expertise is around Deal origination, Deal Execution, Due Diligence, Financial Modelling, Portfolio Management, and Equity Research.

For setting up an appointment with a Magistral representative:

visit www.magistralconsulting.com/contact

About the Author

The article is authored by the Marketing Department of Magistral Consulting. For any business inquiries, you can reach out to  prabhash.choudhary@magistralconsulting.com